Insulin monoclonal antibody

Insulin is a secreted peptide hormone that elicits metabolic effects such as increases in glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis leading to a decrease in blood glucose concentration. Insulin is first formed as a precursor molecule, preproinsulin, which is later cleaved to proinsulin and finally to the mature insulin hormone. Mature insulin consists of 51 amino acids, contained within an A chain and a B chain that are connected by two disulfide bridges. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. Insulin is secreted by the pancreas at basal levels in the absence of exogenous stimuli, with secretion increasing in response to glucose. Insulin action is effected by the binding of insulin to cell-surface receptors on the target cell membrane. Defects of insulin are the cause of hyperproinsulinemia and of type-II diabetes mellitus.