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Cuproptosis

Copper is a trace element that is maintained at low levels in mammals, acting as a cofactor for key enzymes within cells, and is involved in important physiological processes such...

Cell proliferation

Cell proliferation is a key life process for the growth and maintenance of organisms, allowing cells to divide and rapidly form cell populations. This process requires precise regulation, as even...

Autophagy

Autophagy is a highly conserved process in eukaryotes, involving the degradation of proteins and organelles. During autophagy, damaged proteins or organelles are enclosed by double-membrane autophagosomes and then transported to...

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a genetically regulated process of programmed cell death, characterized by chromatin condensation,ultrastructural changes in organelles, cell shrinkage, plasma membrane blebbing, and DNA fragmentation. This process is a fundamental...

Antiviral Innate Immunity

Innate immunity constitutes the first line of defense against the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms. In resisting viral invasions, organisms have developed a sophisticated defense mechanism, where the RIG-I-MAVS signaling pathway...

What Are Blood Clotting Factors?

  Coagulation factors are a group of proteins synthesized by the liver that play a vital role in the blood clotting process. When blood vessels are injured, these factors activate sequentially through...